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3Dkidneymodels955DetailedunderstandingofthesurgicalanatomyofWTsandthesurroundinganatomicalrenalstructuresinchildrencanbeachallengebasedonstandard2Dconventionalimagingvisualizationsalone Thelackofionizingradiationexposureandtheimprovedsoft-tissuecontrastmakestheMRIanattractiveimagingmethodinchildren22However,whenonlyMRIisperformedthechallengeliesintheaccuratedetectionofthevasculatureinthesesmallchildren ThischallengeisparticularlytruewithcomplexrenalanatomywhichoftenisthecaseinchildrenwithWTsThisstudyindicatedthatnewpreoperative3Dimagingprocessingstrategieshelpedincreasethesurgeons’knowledgeaboutthekidneyanatomythusassistinginimprovingtheplanningoftumorresectionandoptimizingtheprocedure of choicenephron-sparing surgery ornephrectomy Thismethod couldimproveradicalityoftumorresectionandsparehealthykidneytissuetherebypreservinglong-termrenalfunctionConverting theexistingconventionalimagingdata to3D visualizationcontributestooverallanatomicalunderstanding23Inthisstudynodifferenceswerefoundbetweenthetypeof3Dvisualization;thereforethechoicebetween3DprintingandARreconstructionmaybebasedonpersonalpreferenceOfthemultiple3DprintingtechniquesweusedtheZ-CorptechnologywhichisabletoprintaccuratemodelswhileusingdifferentcolorsAsolidprintedmodelmayoccluderelevantanatomysuchasbloodvesselsinthekidneyortumor Toovercomethisobstacleanopeningwindowortransparentmaterialmaybeusedtoprovideaviewinsidethemodel24BeforethestartofthisstudyweprintedexamplesofkidneyswithdifferenttechniquesWefoundthattheopeningwindowinthesolidZ-CorpmodelbestclarifiedtheanatomyThecostforthesemulticolored3Dprintedmodelswastypically$500(USdollars)andhadamanufacturingtimeof4to5daysIncomparisontheproductionofanARreconstructiontakes1to2hoursandisapartfromthelabortimecostlessafterinitialhardwarecostsof$3000to$5000(USdollars)forthemixedrealityheadsetTherelativelyshortleadtimebetweenchemotherapyandsurgerycanbeanimportantadvantageoftheheadset ThisadvantagemightmakeARreconstructionmorefeasibleandpreferableincertaincasesInadditiontheARhologramrepresentedanadaptiveandinteractivetechnologycomparedwiththe3Dprintinwhicheverystructurecaneasilybeopenedswitchedtotransparentormovedawaybygivingavoicecommand