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3Dkidneymodels895gadolinium-basedcontrastmediumwasacquired17Computedtomographywasperformedwiththe16-rowmultipledetectorCT(Brilliance16P;PhilipsMedicalSystems)Allpatientsreceived15mL/kgofcontrastmediumwithamaximumof120mLscannedinthearterialphase(injectionrateof2mL/swithsalinesolutionpushedthroughtheinjectionlineimmediatelyaftertheinjectionofthecontrastbolusinjectionrateof2mL/sandavolumeof8-10mLdependingontheageofthepatient)inaccordancewithstandardprotocolExposuresettingswereadjustedtopatientsize(range104-150mAand80-90kVp) Thinsectionimageswerereconstructedwith090-mm thicknessandstoredina512×512datamatrix3DSEGMENTATIONTheMRIorCTscansfromeachpatientwereloadedasdigitalimagingandcommunicationsinmedicine(DICOM)filesandsegmentedbyaninformationtechnologyexpertfromMaterialiseofLeuvenBelgiumAfterconsultingthepediatricradiologist(ASL)andapediatricsurgeon(CP.vdV.)thecorrectanatomicalsegmentations weregeneratedbasedon theconventionalimagingbyusingMimicsInnovationSuite3Dsegmentationsoftwareversion20(Materialise)Eachanatomicalstructure(kidneyparenchymatumor,arteriesveinsandkidneyurinarycollectingstructures)wassegmentedseparatelyandgivenadifferentcolorAfterthefullsegmentationwascompletedsmallwindowswerecutoutofthekidneyparenchymaallowinga full viewof the tumoranditsborderseparatedfromthehealthytissueintrarenalvasculatureandurinarycollectingstructuresSegmentationsweresavedasastereolithographyfile(STL)thatwassuitablefor3DprintingandAR3DPRINTINGThe3Dmodelswereprintedusing3Dprintingtechnology(ZCorporation)atMaterialiseTheprinterdepositsaliquidbinderontothinlayersofpowderviatheink-jetprintheadswhichreactswithanagentinthepowdertocreateasolidmulticolor3Dmodel