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3Dkidneymodels875INTRODUCTIONWilmstumors(WTs)arethemostfrequentlyoccurringpediatriccancersofthekidneyThesurvivalrateofchildrenwithWTisaround90%1-3yetapproximately5%of thecasespresent withbilateraldisease whichrevealsanoverallsurvivalrateofapproximately80%4Inthepresentationofbilateraldiseasenephron-sparingsurgeryisthepreferredorrecommendedtreatmentofchoiceComparedwithunilateraltumorsbilateraldiseasecarriesahigherriskforend-stagerenaldisease(12%)andsecondarymorbidity45Thebenefitofnephron-sparingsurgeryinunilateralWTisdebatableThe excellent survival of patients with unilateral WT has motivated investigation intoreducingtreatmentmorbiditywhilepreservingsurvivalbyconsideringnephronsparingsurgery67Toreducetheprobabilityoflong-termkidneyfunctionlosstoreducetheoccurrenceofperioperativecomplicationsandtofacilitatecompletetumorresectionapersonalizedplanningandsurgicalstrategyisessentialMagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)andcomputedtomography(CT)areusedfordiagnosisandtodifferentiatebetweentumorandhealthyrenaltissuePediatricsurgeonsplan the surgery of WTbased on the two-dimensional(2D)interpretationoftheseconventionalimagingtechniquesTheuseofthree-dimensional(3D)visualizationsishopedtofurtherimprovetheunderstandingoftheexacttumorlocationandtheassessmentofrelevantanatomicalstructuressuchasarteriesveins andurinary collection structuresData fromMRI and CT canbeusedpossiblyfusedandreconstructedinto3Dvisualizations8Thetechniqueof3Dvisualizationisgraduallygainingpotentialinmanysurgicaldisciplinesandcanbeusedtodefinetheoptimalsurgicalstrategy9-12Thesenewtechniquescaneven furtherimprove theassessmentof therelevantanatomyandenhancepreoperativesurgicalplanning The3Dprintingoforgansandstructureshasprovedvaluableformultipledisciplineswithintheengineeringfieldandclinicalpracticesuchasurologyneurosurgerycardiacsurgeryplasticsurgeryandmaxillofacialsurgery12-14However,3DprintingisnotthecurrentstandardofcareInadditionaugmentedreality(AR)isatechnologythatcanvisualizevirtual3DobjectsintherealworldTheimplementationofARispromisingasa