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3Robot Technology in dentistry, an overview of initiatives41Eligibility criteriaTo cope with the difficult definition of a robot, when authors used the term robot for the described technology, it was considered as such. The search timeline started in 1985 and no language restrictions were applied. Articles not containing any primary data such as reviews were excluded as well as patents, presentation slides, posters and video content. Robots used for research purposes only or articles concerning oral and maxillofacial surgery were excluded. Study selection For title and abstract screening, articles were imported into a web application for systematic reviews (Rayyan, Qatar Computing Research Institute, Doha, Qatar) [10]. Duplicates were removed using an in-house application before uploading to Rayyan in which two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts for relevance (TR, KC). Results were compared afterwards and in case of any discrepancies, a discussion was held to reach an agreement. A third reviewer was consulted to act as a referee (JH), when required. Data charting process and data itemsFull texts of all included articles were collected and a customized data extraction form was used for data extraction in duplicate by two authors (TR, KC). Relevant data items collected were the corresponding field of dentistry as well as a summary of the performed study, the robot usage and its technological readiness level (TRL). For data registration and analysis, Microsoft’s Office Excel (version 2019, Microsoft Corporation, USA) was used. ResultsStudy selectionThe search in all three databases combined resulted in 1253 articles of which 363 duplicates were excluded. During screening of title and abstracts another 751 articles were excluded because they did not match the inclusion criteria for this review. In total 137 articles were deemed eligible for inclusion but 71 articles had to be removed with reasons as summarized in figure 1. In total 94 articles were included in this systematic review for qualitative synthesis (Fig. 1). Tom van Riet.indd 41 26-10-2023 11:59