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A review on range of tibial rotation372Table 1. continuedMeasuring methodACL statusGroup specificsInternal rotationExternal rotationRange of rotationRelative improvement in rotation after ACL Reconstruction90° of flexion Lee20 CAS ACL def na 16.6 (3.3) 16.1 (4.1) 32.7(5.7) 24%SB recon na 11.3 (3.6) 13.3 (3.8) 24.7 (5.2)ACL def na 16.2 (5.2) 15.2 (4.1) 31.4 (6.4) 25Û recon na 10.9 (5.2) 12.8 (3.8) 23.7 (7.7) Grassi13 CAS ACL def na dnr dnr 29 naNa = not applicable; dnr = data not reported; Adolesc = adolescent; def = deficient; F =female; int =intact; M = male; recon = reconstruction; MRI = Magnetic Resonance Imaging; CT = Computed Tomography; CAS = Computer Assisted Surgery; ACL = anterior cruciate ligament; SB = single bundle; DB = double bundleTable 2. Range of tibial rotation during dynamic testing in ACL deficient individualsAuthor Measuring method Groups Range of tibial rotation in degrees (SD)Action performedMiyaji23 Biplanar fluoroscopyACL intact 19.3 (7.2) Wide-based squat, flexion phaseACL deficient 15.9 (5.7) Wide-based squat, flexion phaseACL intact 20.0 (6.8) Wide-based squat, extension phaseACL def 16.0 (5.7) Wide-based squat, extension phaseBarance6 MRI coper ACL deficient 4.5 (1.9) 0°-30° of active flexionnon-coper ACL deficient4.7 (2.7) 0°-30° of active flexionhealthy control 5.8 (2.6) 0°-30° of active flexiondef, = deficient; int = intact; MRI = magnetic resonance imagingMark Zee.indd 37 03-01-2024 08:56