Page 52 - Demo

Chapter 350for the maxillary region (Table VI). Male participants showed lower HR in the LLLT group than in the placebo group, but this difference was not significant. Unexpectedly, almost all of the mean scores of the measured variables were higher in the LLLT group than in the placebo group. The experienced injection pain and sweat production during phase 1 and phase 2 were lower in the placebo group than in the LLLT group, but these differences were very small and not statistically significant. Overall, the differences between the placebo and LLLT groups in the mandibular region were not statistically significant among males or females, with the exceptions that female patients showed a significant difference in the expected injection pain between the LLLT and placebo groups (P<0.05), and a significant difference in sweat production during phase 1 (P<0.05). Table IV: Independent samples t-test results for differences in subjective and physiological responses between male and female participantsMaleM SDFemaleM SD n PExpected injection pain 4.6 2.2 5.4 2.4 163 0.03Pre-injection anxiety 3.2 2.7 5.6 2.9 163 0.00Experienced injection pain 3.6 2.4 4.5 2.2 163 0.01Experienced injection anxiety 2.9 2.4 5.1 2.8 163 0.00HR f1 83.8 14.2 89.8 14.5 163 0.01GSR f1 4.5 2.5 4.7 4.0 163 0.74HR f2 74.9 14.4 81.2 19.0 163 0.02GSR f2 5.6 3.2 7.2 9.5 163 0.15M, mean; SD, standard deviation; HR, heart rate; f1, phase 1; GSR, galvanic skin response; f2, phase 2. Table V: Independent samples t-test results for the lower jaw in male and female patientsMale FemalePlacebo LLLT Placebo LLLTM SD M SD n P M SD M SD n PExpected injection pain 4.5 1.8 5.3 2.6 60 0.19 5.5 2.4 5.2 2.3 62 0.60Pre-injection anxiety 3.5 2.8 3.4 2.8 60 0.88 5.8 2.3 5.2 3.1 62 0.39Experienced injection pain 3.6 2.1 3.8 2.6 60 0.76 5.1 2.3 4.3 2.2 62 0.19Experienced injection anxiety 3.1 2.4 3.1 2.6 60 0.96 5.3 2.7 4.8 2.9 62 0.44HR ph1 87.0 14.4 84.5 14.2 60 0,51 91.6 14.6 88.1 14.3 62 0.35GSR ph1 4.2 2.2 5.0 3.1 60 0.24 3.9 2.5 5.2 2.5 62 0.04HR ph2 77.7 14.8 76.1 13.0 60 0.65 82.9 22.5 82.7 13.7 62 0.97GSR ph2 5.4 2.8 6.2 3.7 60 0.32 5.3 2.7 7.1 3.5 62 0.03LLLT, low-level laser therapy; M, mean; SD, standard deviation; HR, heart rate; ph1, phase 1; GSR, galvanic skin response; ph2, phase 2.