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Chapter 6142switches in a session than expected under the assumption of independence, hence temporal clustering of choices. An observed T that is high compared to the distribution of expected T reflects more switches in a session than expected under the assumption of independence, hence temporal dispersion of choices.Effect size indicesThe effect size indices that we report are based on the posterior distributions of each statistical model. We report multiple quantitative measures to describe the effects. First, we report the median estimate (b or OR), and median absolute deviation of the estimate between square brackets. Second, we report an 89% highest density interval of the estimate (89% CrI). We have chosen 89% instead of the conventional 95% to reduce the likelihood that the credible intervals are interpreted as strict hypothesis tests (McElreath, 2018). Instead, the main goal of the credible intervals is to communicate the shape of the posterior distributions. Third, we report the probability of direction (pd), i.e., the probability of a parameter being strictly positive or negative, which varies between 50% and 100% (Makowski et al., 2019). EthicsThis study employed only non-invasive methods and animals were never harmed or punished in any way during the study. Participation was completely voluntary, animals were tested in a social setting, and animals were never deprived of food or water. The care and housing of the orangutans was adherent to the guidelines of the EAZA Ex-situ Program (EEP). Furthermore, our research complied with the ASAB guidelines (ASAB Ethical Committee/ABS Animal Care Committee, 2023), was carried out in accordance with the national regulations, and was approved by the zoological management of Apenheul Primate Park (Apeldoorn, The Netherlands). ResultsDot-probeFlange sizeIn the flange size dot-probe, we found no attentional bias for larger flanges in any of the three participating orang-utans (Figure 3A; Supplementary Table 1; see Appendix G for model stability checks); whether the probe replaced the large Tom Roth.indd 142 08-01-2024 10:41