Page 117 - Demo

Towardholographic-guidedsurgery1156theassumptionthattheusererrorintheloose-fitARexperimenthasverylimitedinfluenceandwasequaltotheusererrorintheloose-fitIGSexperimentwasmadeItmustbenoted that thisusererrorislikely tobehigherduringrealsurgicalinterventionswithmorecomplexpositioningandlimitedmanoeuvrabilityofobjectsTheloose-fitARexperimentpresentedtheerrorofthecompletesetupincludingtheAR visualizationerror TheresultsofthisexperimentshowedameanEuclideandistanceof23mm withdeviationsup to36mmbetween theactualandplannedpositions(Table2) Thiserrorwassignificantlyhigherthantheerrorintheloose-fitIGSexperiment Thisdifferencewasexpectedsincethiserrorwastheresultofthenavigationerror,usererror,and the AR visualizationerror The AR visualizationerrorcouldbeextractedbycomparingtheloose-fitARexperiment(navigationerror+usererror+ARvisualizationerror)withthetight-fitexperiments(navigationerror)andloose-fitIGSexperiment(navigationerror+usererror)Thenavigationerrorwas found tobe07mmand theusererrorinoursetup was01mmInsightof thenavigationandusererrorsinthepresentedsetupmadeitpossibletodeductthemisalignmenterroroftheHologramonthemeasuringboardtheAR-visualizationerrorTheARvisualizationerrorwasestimatedtobeintherangeof15mm(23mm to 07mm to 01mm) Thisrangemeans thatby theimplementation of an ARbasedIGSsystem theaccuracy willbereducedby~16mm(additionalnavigationerror+ARvisualizationerror) Thisadditionalerrorof16mmmustbetakenintoaccountwhenARisimplementedinaconventionalnavigationsystemAlthoughthisisarelativelysmallerror,furtherreductionofthiserrorandmoreresearchisrequiredbeforetheAR-basedIGSsystemcanbeimplementedinsurgicalproceduresthatdemandahighaccuracyNeverthelessthisstudypresentedamethodforlinkingtheHoloLenstoanIGSsystemresolvedtheswitchingfocusproblem and created amoreintuitive guidance systemMany surgical applicationscanbenefitfromtheadvantagesofARguidanceinIGSandmakeinterventionsmoreintuitiveThisapproachcouldreducetheusererrorandmayimprovethesurgicalresultThemeanerrorof23mmfoundfortheplacementofobjectsunderARguidancewassimilar toerrors foundin theliterature whereinother AR visualizationmethodswereusedErrorsasaresultoftheaugmenteddatawerereportedtorangefrom08to5mm41-44InthesestudiesdifferentmethodsweredevelopedtorealizeAR