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116Chapter6visualizationwhichmakesitdifficulttocompareaccuracyresultsAbenefitoftheHoloLensisthatitwascommerciallyavailable TheonlyrequirementtocombinetheHoloLenswithanopticaltrackingsystemwastheuseofa3D-printedframeThese factorsgive theHoloLensanadvantageoverotherHMDsdescribedinotherapplications1723304546FUTUREDEVELOPMENTSIntheproposedmethodamanualcalibrationtofindtheoffsetbetweentheHoloLenscenterandthecenteroftheframewasperformedonceTheresultingtransformation(HoloLensT Mount ) wasusedinallexperimentsInaccuraciesintroducedduringthismanualcalibrationcanhaveanegativeeffectontheARvisualizationerrorMorededicatedcalibrationtechniquescouldbeimplementedtofind(HoloLensT Mount )suchas thesingle-pointactivealignmentmethodorastereocameracalibrationatthestartofasession4748 ThesemethodspossiblycouldimprovetheaccuracyofthecalibrationandthusreducetheARvisualizationerrorInthisstudyjitter,ahigh-frequencyshakingofthehologramswasseenwhenthevirtualoutlineofthecubewasvisualizedonthemeasuringboard Todiminishthejitter,astandardmovingaveragefilterof4HzwasimplementedwhichsignificantlyreducedtheshakingofthehologramsHowever,themovingaveragefilterintroducedashorttimedelayandthenoisecausingthe jitterwasincludedinthepositionoftheholograms TheseeffectsaffectedtheARvisualizationerrorImprovements to the filteroreliminationof thesourceof thenoisecouldlead toadecreaseinthevisualizationerrortowithintheclinicalerrormarginAnothervisualizationimprovementcanbeblendingthevirtualobjectsmoreintuitivelyintherealenvironmentInourexperimentsthevirtualobjectsweredisplayed on top of thereal object which canresultin occlusion of thereal objectsDifferentvisualizationmethodsandenhancementsaredescribedinotherstudiestomakethevisualizationmoreimmersiveandtocreateabettermixed-realityexperience2030whichmightresultinasmallerARvisualizationerrorNexttotheimplementationofARduringsurgeryARcanbeusedinthepreoperativephaseorduringdifferentproceduresoutsidetheoperationtheatreARcanfacilitatetheunderstandingofcomplexanatomyandcanassistwithsurgicalplanningduringpartialnephrectomy49Inbreastreconstructivesurgery