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Chapter 126geographical areas results (see on grounding Rogers, 2019, pp. 4–6). In Chapter 3, to have interesting empirical findings, I focus on groups of visualisations with some resemblance. In Chapter 4, a sentiment analysis was conducted manually, whereas most studies conduct this analysis in an automated-computed way (e.g., Cambria et al., 2017; Jeffares, 2014). In Chapter 5, I integrated scraping Twitter data (through Twitter API for Academic Research2) and Google reverse image search to enable an analysis of visualisations that are found both on the open Web and on Twitter. To reduce the amount of tweets, I applied a Twitter engagement analysis and selected the tweets that were retweeted at least ten times to manually analyse visual–textual storylines.Table 1.2. Summary of the research question and sub-questions and the method(s) used to answer themResearch (sub-) question Method Mainly answered in ChapterSub-question 1: What patterns of type and content can be revealed in an online policy controversy?Actor analysisTextual content analysis to label actors’ stanceVisual automatic network analysis of type and content2Sub-question 2: How do coalitions in a policy controversy use visual and textual narratives?Actor analysisTextual manual analyses of frames and/or sentimentsVisual manual analysis of type and content and frames/storylines3 and 4Sub-question 3: (How) does the meaning of visualisations related to a policy controversy change when they circulate?Twitter engagement analysisTextual tone and topical context analysesImage–text storyline analysis5Main question: What meanings do visualisations convey in policy controversies over energy and food technologies?61.6 Outline of the dissertationThis thesis presents four empirical studies and a concluding chapter, comprising Chapters 2 to 6. These chapters aim to address the main research question of the thesis through three sub-questions. Figure 1.2 presents an overview of the dissertation and the text below introduces an overview of the following chapters.2 With a special thanks to Prof. dr. Art DewulfEfrat.indd 26 19-09-2023 09:47