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Chapter 124on the other, as harmful to the environment (Dodge & Metze, 2017; Weible et al., 2016; Williams et al., 2017). Food processing, in this thesis, is defined as the industrial process of transforming (raw) food materials into food products. Food processing is a multi-interpretational term that for some means an answer to the need to feed the growing world population in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner (Eicher-miller et al., 2012; Floros et al., 2010), while for others it is a dubious practice with a negative influence on health and the environment (Monteiro et al., 2018; Popkin et al., 2012). Nanotechnology in food and food packaging denotes the use of processes, materials and tools on a nanometresize1 scale for the production, processing or packaging of food (Chaudhry et al., 2017, p. 6). Nanotechnology in food and food packaging is an innovative field that can fundamentally contribute to a more efficient and sustainable food system, but the field also has knowledge gaps and is associated with potential risks to human health and the environment (Chaudhry et al., 2017; Handford et al., 2014; Henchion et al., 2019).1.5.2 Method for gathering and analysing dataIn studying the multiple cases, I integrated different research methods into a new research protocol. The new protocol combines digital methods with stakeholder analysis and interpretive methods.To gather data, I used text search keys, such as hashtags and keywords relevant to the specific case studied. I integrated digital and non-digital techniques, for example, anonymised Google searches, scraping tools and reverse image searches together with manually identifying relevant online actors. The data in each chapter consists of text and visualisations found on webpages or tweets. I gathered data from websites of different types of actors involved in the controversies (e.g., official websites of governments, companies or non-governmental organisations; blogs of individuals; online encyclopaedias such as Wikipedia) and Twitter. Websites are a meaningful source of information about science and technology topics and a meaningful source for us, scholars, when we aim to learn about science and technology controversies in society (Marres, 2015). Social networks and Twitter, in particular, are important sources in the study of views on contested energy and food technologies in society (Boscarino, 2022; Hopke & Simis, 2017; Tabei et al., 2020).1 Nanometre equals to one thousand-millionth of a metre.Efrat.indd 24 19-09-2023 09:47