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Insights from knowledge exchange in Communities of Practice813In top-down implementation, CoP participants mentioned that having a clear vision or framework to work with helped teams stay focused on the goals set by their organisation. A barrier in top-down implementation was the gap between policies, methods, innovations and their practical use. Also %u2018change fatigue%u2019, because of being confronted with too many innovations to implement, was mentioned as a barrier. This was found in previous research as well (Berta et al., 2010). The quality of care dilemma that came up in the CoP could also be a barrier in top down implementation processes. When organisations unveil innovation plans, the dilemma of spending time on improving quality of care in the long run, versus spending time to provide immediate quality of care to clients by working shifts, can be overwhelming for care professionals. A similar problem was pointed out in community nursing services in the UK, where frontline nurses often felt frustrated that they were unable to implement high-quality care in accordance with policies without the appropriate resources (Haycock-Stuart & Kean, 2013). According to Bentur and Sternberg (2019) the synergy of top down and bottom up implementation strategies might contribute more than either strategy alone in addressing challenges in complex care organisations.Fourth, because care professionals and clients with an intellectual disability are directly affected by new methods and change in work routines, engaging them in the choice of methods to be implemented and in designing implementation strategies was mentioned in the CoP as facilitating factor. People with intellectual disabilities, such as the experts-by-experience involved in CoP-1, want to give their opinion concerning choices, application and evaluation of innovations (Wolkorte et al., 2019). Involving them in choices, and increasing self-determination and autonomy (Ryan & Deci, 2000), is in line with the principles behind the Care and Coercion Act in the Netherlands. It is therefore of great importance to involve clients%u2019 perspectives in implementation of methods that seek to reduce involuntary care and promote care on a voluntary basis (Bisschops et al., 2022).Collective learning processes in the CoP Based on the results of this study we reflected on how the exchange of tacit and experiential knowledge in a CoP contributed collective learning (Pyrko et al., 2017). First, in discussing what implementing methods to