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General introduction 151The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) promotes the human rights of all people with disabilities, including people with intellectual disabilities who require intensive care and support. The CRPD recognises the importance of autonomy and independence for these individuals, such as the freedom to make their own choices and be actively involved in decision-making processes about the care they receive and policies and programmes that affect them. The benefits of full participation of people with disabilities for society and communities are also highlighted in the CRPD, as this will lead to a greater sense of belonging among all people and progress in human, social and economic development of society (Nations, 2006).Within the Netherlands, the CRPD principles laid the foundation for the development of the Care and Coercion Act (CCA; in Dutch %u201cWet Zorg en Dwang%u201d), which strengthens the rights of clients with intellectual disabilities to self-determine the nature and form of their care (Staatsblad, 2018). Since the 1st of January, 2020, care organisations are required to comply with the CCA when providing care, support, and treatment to people with intellectual disabilities, regardless of where they live, work or reside. Consequently, care professionals need to engage their clients (or their representatives) in planning, organising and shaping support, care and treatment. Care that clients willingly consent to is referred to as voluntary care. However, in situations with a serious risk of harm to the client or their immediate environment care professionals may need to provide care, support, and treatment to clients against their will. In such situations, care organisations may apply involuntary care temporarily and under strict conditions as a last resort to ensure the client%u2019s safety. Although the use of involuntary care is usually motivated by protection of clients and their surroundings from serious harm and risks (Do%u0308renberg et al., 2018), people with intellectual disabilities themselves rated the use of restraints and physical interventions negatively (Fish & Culshaw, 2005; Heyvaert et al., 2015; Van der Meulen et al., 2018b). The use of involuntary care can lead to increased resistance, passivity, and feelings of powerlessness, distress, anxiety, and frustration. These feelings often exacerbate the behaviour that prompted the application of involuntary care (Heyvaert et al.,