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Chapter 346know how to manage complications that may occur while performing endodontic treatment’ more positively than those who performed root canal treatment of poor quality. The performance of students in performing root canal treatments was not statistically significantly related to their self-efficacy and self-perceived competence.DiscussionSelf-efficacy is different from self-concept, perceived control and outcome expectancies (Figure 1) and has discriminant validity in predicting a variety of academic outcomes (10). Both within and outside the medical field, self-efficacy is used in various educational studies and seems a valid outcome measure for testing teaching methods in endodontics as well. To use self-efficacy as an outcome measure, the questionnaire has to be adapted to the specific tasks (10). A Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.874 for the Endodontic General Self-Efficacy Scale suggests that the internal consistency of this scale is good. It can, therefore, be considered as a reliable method to test the self-efficacy of the undergraduate dental student. Figure 1Self-perceived competenceSelf-concept Perceived controlPerson Produces Behaviour Produces OutcomeSelf-efficacy Outcome expectanciesDiagrammatic representation of the process on which self-efficacy and self-perceived competence act. A person’s outcome expectancies are their beliefs that certain behaviour will cause a certain outcome (2). A person’s self-efficacy is their belief that they are able to fulfil the behaviour necessary to achieve an intended outcome (2). Perceived control is a person’s belief that they can influence an outcome. Self-concept is a person’s idea of the self, based on the beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of others. Selfperceived competence is assumed to be part of self-concept; it is expected to represent a person’s belief in their competence.Annemarie Baaij.indd 46 28-06-2023 12:26