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Chapter 340the supervision while performing endodontic treatment on patients. Students who attended the revised modules and components became at least as skilled in performing root canal treatment as the students who attended the former ones (12). In the present study, it was assessed on module and component level whether self-efficacy and the self-perceived competence of students who were about to graduate had been influenced by the method of teaching endodontics.Materials and methods The institutional research board of the Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam approved the research protocol on 16 November 2012. Former module of clinical training started with a preclinical training where students performed root canal treatments in extracted teeth. This training was basically on a tooth level, and the actual situation with a patient was not well simulated. This module proceeded with students performing root canal treatments on patients under supervision of the general dental practitioners. As a requirement for graduation, students had to perform several root canal treatments, including at least one in a molar, and had to pass a summative assessment. This former module of assessment comprised performing a root canal treatment in a premolar or a molar on a patient. During this summative assessment, students needed to demonstrate that they were able to perform root canal treatment of good quality without assistance of a supervisor. Currently, in the revised clinical training module following the preclinical training, students proceed with a better simulated clinical training. This training comprises performing root canal treatments on extracted human teeth under conditions that closely mimic the actual situation with a patient: the teeth are mounted on an artificial jaw in a manikin head fixed to a dental chair in the clinic, and students have to act, and perform the treatment, as if it is a real patient. During this simulated component of the module, the students are supervised by endodontists. The revised module of assessment comprises a root canal treatment in a molar under the same strictly simulated conditions where the students demonstrate that they are able to perform root canal treatment of good quality without assistance of a supervisor. Passing this summative assessment is a requirement for students to be allowed to proceed to the last component of the revised clinical training module. In this component, unlike the former clinical Annemarie Baaij.indd 40 28-06-2023 12:26