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No medicament versus calcium hydroxide996DesignInterappointment emergency was defined as pain or swelling during the course of the root canal treatment that necessitated the patient paying an unscheduled visit to the institution. To avoid the influence of obturation on the incidence of emergency visits observed, only the unscheduled visits occurring between the start and the end of the root canal treatment (interappointment emergency visits) were included in the present study. The time elapsed between the interappointment emergency and the preceding intervention was recorded. Although the time between successive appointments can exceed two months, the occurrence of interappointment emergencies was assessed up to two months following intervention because that was considered most relevant. The primary independent variable of this study was the use of intracanal medicament between visits: multiple-visit treatments without intracanal medicament were compared to multiple-visit treatments with calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament. However, other variables that may be related to the incidence of interappointment emergencies were studied as well. Table 1 shows the additional variables that were assessed. The patient’s sex was retrieved from the patient chart in the dental record system and is based on the patient’s identification. Medically compromised patients — i.e., patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases or using immunosuppressive medication — were detected based on the recorded information from the medical anamneses and using classification criteria from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee for Primary Immunodeficiency [26] and the Dutch Pharmacotherapeutic Compass (National Health Care Institute, Diemen, The Netherlands), respectively. Furthermore, if a root canal treatment was not completed within a year after its initiation, it was categorized as ‘quit treatment following initial treatment’, which is incomplete root canal treatment. All data in the present study were retrieved from the information captured in the patient charts. SamplePatients who underwent primary root canal treatment in a molar in two or more visits at the undergraduate clinic of our institution were included. If a patient received root canal treatment in more than one molar, only the treatment of one of the molars was included in this study. Random tables generated on https://www.random.org (RANDOM.ORG, Dublin, Ireland) were used to select the molar Annemarie Baaij.indd 99 28-06-2023 12:26