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2Robot Technology in dentistry, literature characteristics21Eligibility criteriaThe definition of a robot differs throughout literature. For the purpose of this review, it was decided that, when an author used the term robot for the described technology, it was considered as such and was therefore eligible for inclusion. Since the first robot in medicine was described in 1988, only publications in or after 1985 were included. Articles in all languages were included. (Non-)Systematic reviews, patents, presentation slides, posters and video content were excluded from data synthesis. Robots used for research purposes only, i.e., standardized impression taking to evaluate material properties, were excluded. Literature regarding robot technology in oral and maxillofacial surgery was excluded since most of the medically used robot systems are infeasible for usage in general dentistry. Study selection Articles identified using the search strategy were imported into a web application for systematic reviews (Rayyan, Qatar Computing Research Institute, Doha, Qatar) [12]. Duplicates were removed before uploading to Rayyan by an in-house application, after which two independent reviewers screened all titles and abstracts for relevance (TR, KC). Results were compared afterwards and in case of any discrepancies, a discussion was held to reach an agreement. A third reviewer was consulted to act as a referee (JH), when required. After title and abstract screening, a full text screening was performed. Articles were excluded when full-text was unavailable (see Fig. 1). Data charting process and data itemsFull text of all articles meeting the inclusion criteria for further analysis were acquired. Data extraction was performed in duplicate by two authors (TR, KC) using a customized data extraction form. The following data items were collected: field of dentistry, year of publication, technological readiness levels, country of origin, authors’ professional background (either clinical or technical) and the subject of interaction with the robot. The type of study was recorded according to a modified classification of study types in medical research (see Table 4) [13]. Tom van Riet.indd 21 26-10-2023 11:59