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GeneralIntroduction191complex wiringinstructions forairplanesBecause virtual wiringinstructionscouldbemodifiedoradjustedmoreeasilythanphysicaltemplateshistechniquespeeduptheprocess30TomCaudellwasalsothefirstwhousedtheterm‘AugmentedReality’.In1992LouisRosenburgcreatedanARsystemthatenabledphysicalobjectstointeractwith virtualobjects31BywearinganexoskeletonRosenburgmanipulatedtworobothandsasiftheywerehisown ThissystemwasusedtotraintheUnitedStatesAirForcepilotsLater,ARwasalsousedinfighterplanesandhelicopterstodisplayrelevantinformationinaheads-updisplayofpilots32In the 90s variousimplementations of ARin the fields of artsmovie clips and sportswereintroduced ThecompanySportVisionusedareal-timecamerarecordingofanAmericanFootballgameandprojectedinreal-timeavirtualyellowyardlineoverthefield33WithsmartvisualizationtechniquesthelinewasneverprojectedovertheplayersItwasalwaysperfectlyalignedwiththefieldwhichensuredthatthevirtualyardmarkerblendedperfectlyinto‘reality’.SportvisionevenwonanEmmyAwardforthistechniqueAlltheexamplesabovehaveaveryspecificpurposeorrelyonsophisticatedsetupsandcomplexhardwareYetthischangedwhenGooglelaunchedaHMDforgeneralconsumersin2013andtheexpectationsofthisGoogleGlasswereveryhigh TheGoogleGlasscouldforexampledisplayananatomicalimageorhealthrecordinformationonitsvirtualdisplayinthetoprightcorneroftheuser’sviewIntheRadboudumctheGoogleGlasswasusedtobroadcastasurgicalprocedurefromthesurgeon’sperspectivetotrainresidents(Figure6)Eventuallybecauseofthesmallandlow-qualitydisplayand theshortbatterylife theactualadded valueoftheGoogleGlassturnedouttobelimitedNeverthelessitsintroductionraisedsignificantawarenessandstimulatedtheformationofideasandconceptsaboutthepossibilitiesofARformedicalpracticeIn2014aSiliconValley-basedstart-upcompanypresentedthefirstHMDwithastereoscopicviewtheMetaGlassesThisdevicecouldvisualize3Dobjectstrackobjectsandfollowtheusers’handsBecausethesefeaturesmadeitpossibletoreallyinteractwiththevirtualmodelstheMetaGlassescreatedanauthenticmixedrealityexperienceandthereforeexpandedthepossibilitiesofAR(Figure6)