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Towardholographic-guidedsurgery1056INTRODUCTIONTheuseof3-dimensional(3D)imagingfordiagnosispresurgicalpreparationspostoperativeassessmentandfollow-upisstandardcareinmanysurgicaldisciplines1Inimage-guidedsurgery(IGS)medicalimagesareconsultedduringsurgeryforguidance2Criticalorhiddenstructuressuchasnervesbloodvesselsandtumorscanbeindicatedduringsurgerybytrackingthepositionofsurgicalinstrumentsinrelationtothepositionofthepatient3InadditionIGScanbeusedduringsurgerytofollowapreoperativelydefinedsurgicalplan4IGSiswidelyusedindifferentsurgicalspecialtiesForexampleinplasticsurgeryIGSisusedtoindicatethelocationofperforatingvesselsduringfreeflapsurgery5IncolorectalsurgeryIGSand3Dimagingcanbeusedforplanningandnavigationofcolonresectionsand for visualizationofthe vascularanatomy6IGScanprovidereal-timeandaccuratefeedbackandisfrequentlyusedduringtraumaandreconstructivesurgeryandaccurateimplantplacementincraniomaxillofacialsurgery78BecauseofitshighaccuracyIGSiswidelyimplementedinneurosurgeryforcranialspinalorskullbaseprocedures9-11ForpelvicandacetabularsurgeryIGSand3Dplanningareusedtodeterminethebestsurgicalapproachandtoindicatepotentialsurgicaldifficulties12WangetalalsodescribedthepotentialofIGSforabetterunderstandingandmasteryofcomplexcraniofacialsurgery13InconclusionthewidelyusedIGScontributestofaster,safer,andmoreeffectivesurgicalproceduresandhasapositiveeffectonsurgicaloutcome14-16IngeneralIGSsystemsdisplaytheirvirtualplanningdataandthepositionsoftrackedsurgicalinstrumentsona2-dimensional(2D)monitorintheoperationtheatreThissetupcreatesasituationinwhichthesurgeonisforcedtofocusbothonthesurgicalfieldandthevirtualplanningsimultaneouslytheswitchingfocusproblem1718AnotherdisadvantageisthatthevirtualplanningpresentedonthemonitorsisoftennotalignedwiththeviewpointofthesurgeonThesurgeonmustrelatethesepositionsmentallywhichmayhamperhisorherintuitiveinterpretation19Inadditionthevirtual3Dplanningortheimagedataarepresentedin2Dwhichmakesitdifficulttoconceptualizecomplex3Danatomy7Augmentedreality(AR)isthetechnologyofblendingvirtualobjectsintotherealworldARmakesitpossibletocreateavirtualoverlaywithinthesurgeon’sview20Imagedataofapatientcanbeobserveddirectlyatthecorrespondingposition
