Page 32 - Bladder Dysfunction in the Context of the Bladder-Brain Connection - Ilse Groenendijk.pdf

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Chapter 2
Table 1. Scoring manual for the confounders in the risk of bias assessment
Confounders
A priori protocol Age
Gender
Patient selection
Task and scan paradigm
Recording details and scan parameters/settings
Data analysis Results
RESULTS
If yes: low risk
If doubtful: unclear risk
If not: high risk
In case of multiple items in 1 confounder: 1 missing: unclear risk
>1 missing: high risk
Did the authors use and describe a clear protocol?
Did the authors report the age of patients? Is there were different groups to compare, were they age matched?
Did the authors report the gender of patients? If there were different groups to compare, were they gender matched?
Did the authors clearly state in- and exclusion criteria?
Which LUT symptoms and/or dysfunctions had included patients? Were handedness and concomitant medications reported?
Did the authors report on the task they investigated and how this task was applied (mode of bladder filling, repetition of task, control task, scanning sequence)?
Did the authors report all parameters/settings used for the recordings of supraspinal signals?
(fMRI: TR, TE, FoV, ST)
(PET: camera position, GBq, start time after injection, repeat injection, voxel size)
Did the authors report on data analysis (software, version, analysis steps, smoothing)?
Did the authors report on all result details (coordinated in MNI or Talairach, cluster size of supraspinal areas, z-score, significance lever, error correction) ?
The PRISMA flow diagram in Fig 1 shows the results of the literature search and the study selection. The initially conducted search resulted in 5718 articles. After removing duplicates and title and abstract screening, 151 articles remained for full-text selection and in total 19 studies were included in this systematic review.
Study characteristics
Tables 2 and 3 show the study characteristics of the included studies using fMRI and PET, respectively. The following information was included in Tables 2 and 3: number of subjects, age, gender, performed task, concomitant/control task, task repetition, blad- der status, way of bladder filling, scan details and analysis details (smoothing, MNI/TAL, threshold).