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Physiological Resonance and Interpretation of Emotional Expressions613Humans are highly responsive to others%u2019 displays of emotions. While these can differ in form, content and context, they share the potential to resonate in the observer%u2019s body: For example, one%u2019s heart starts beating faster when seeing a person blush during a talk, one%u2019s eyes get wet when watching a grieving person in the movies and even a smiling face in an ad can make the observer mirror the expression. From a functional perspective, physiological changes in the context of emotion perception have been suggested to assist the identification of the observed person%u2019s affective state (Niedenthal, 2007; Prochazkova & Kret, 2017). In the current study, we aim to shed light on the perception of discrete emotional expressions from the face and body, subtle emotion cues, and their corresponding physiological dynamics.Non-verbal communication of emotion with conspecifics is a shared mechanism among social animals to sustain life in groups (Y. Kim & Kret, 2022; Kret et al., 2020). Communicating emotional states can have direct survival benefits: For example, signalling disgust when faced with rotten food or displaying fear when a predator is approaching can inform conspecifics to adjust their behaviour (Curtis et al., 2011; Marsh et al., 2005; Seidel et al., 2010). In the long run, understanding and responding to emotions of group members can strengthen social bonds (A. H. Fischer & Manstead, 2016; Keltner & Haidt, 1999; Palagi et al., 2020). While leading research on emotion displays in humans has focused on prototypical facial expressions (Ekman, 1992, 1993; Ekman et al., 1980), the repertoire of nonverbal emotion signals is a lot broader in real life: Not only the face but the entire body is critically involved in communicating affect, via posture, movements, or gestures (Dael et al., 2012; de Gelder, 2009; Witkower & Tracy, 2019). On top of that, changes in physiological arousal can be reflected on an individual%u2019s face such as a blush or dilated pupils. These %u2018emotional byproducts%u2019 can provide additional cues to the observer (Kret, 2015; Levenson, 2003; Shariff & Tracy, 2011). To date, we are still limited in our knowledge about how different types of expressions are processed and perceived (e.g., Crivelli et al., 2016; Kret & Straffon, 2018). Concertedly with central nervous system processes, physiological responses, i.e. (de-) activations of the peripheral nervous system, accompany and might even inform the emotional experience elicited in observers. For example, changes in facial muscle activity associated with distinct affective states (S. L. Brown & Schwartz, 1980; Ekman & Rosenberg, 2005) have frequently been described during viewing