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Chapter 5154 Retinal vascular tortuosity Abnormal curvature of the retinal blood vessels Posterior embryotoxon Corneal abnormality with a thickened and anteriorly displaces Schwalbe’s line Distichiasis Eyelashes that arise from an abnormal part of the eye lid Against-the-rule astigmatism Occurs when the horizontal meridian of the cornea is steeper than the vertical meridian With-the-rule astigmatism Occurs when the vertical meridian of the cornea is steeper than the horizontal meridian Dacryostenosis Tear duct obstruction Dacryocystorhinostomy Surgical intervention to restore tear flow Keratoconus Cone shaped cornea caused by thinning of the cornea Peters’ anomaly Corneal opacity due to anterior segment dysgenesisBox 1. Ocular concepts and definitions.ResultsSystematic review of the literatureStudy selectionThe flow diagram in Figure 1 shows the study selection process. We identified 1213 records through a literature search in PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. After deduplicating we screened 871 titles and abstracts for relevance, resulting in 180 articles of which full-text was screened for eligibility. One article was added after manual search of the reference sections.13 Four studies, including a total of 270 patients, were included for data-extraction in this systematic review. Four studies were excluded because of a high risk of bias (Supplementary 3).13-16Study characteristics Table 1 shows the study characteristics of the included studies, all published between 2007 and 2016. Three were prospective cohort studies,7-9 and one was a retrospective cohort study.17 Median number of included patients was 63 (range 16-128). In three studies ophthalmic assessment was done by an ophthalmologist,7-9and in one study by a subspecialized pediatrician.17 In this study, additional data were collected through a medical and developmental checklist that was completed by the patient’s parents.17 Two studies reported only on children,7,