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Chapter 7130the treatment on patients. This would be beneficial to the students’ learning since it provides them with the opportunity to improve, when necessary, without the risk of harming a patient; we owe that to them, to their future patients, and to our profession (Scholes & Albarran 2005, Bush et al. 2013, Monrouxe et al. 2011). In clinical education not only the development of the student is important but also the safety of both the patient and the student, and the quality of care the patient receives. If there is too little time or staff to provide students with both simulated clinical training and clinical training in performing root canal treatment, our work may be used to decide that acquiring the necessary skills – in simulation – should have priority over clinical experience per se (chapters 2, 3 and 5). However, dental schools should work towards a situation where both simulated clinical training and clinical training are an integral part of the undergraduate endodontic curriculum. Although transfer of patient management skills that are learned elsewhere in the undergraduate dental education will probably occur and may be sufficient to be able to deal with the patient related factors encountered while performing endodontic treatment (chapter 2), it would be desirable if students get some experience in providing endodontic care to patients before they graduate to experience that they have enough skills to manage in practice. Clinical experience is important for building self-efficacy, and that should start before graduation (chapters 3, 4 and 5). To be able to provide students with the preferred supervision by endodontists or dentists with special interest and knowledge in Endodontology, and to provide dentists with possibilities to refer patients who need more complicated endodontic care, these experts should be available in sufficient numbers (chapters 4 and 5). A formalized postgraduate programme in Endodontology may help to ensure this (chapter 4). It is unachievable and unnecessary for every dental school to have a formalized postgraduate programme in Endodontology, but it would be advisable to have at least one such programme in every country. Our work may motivate regulatory bodies to ensure that there will be enough formalized postgraduate programmes in Endodontology.Annemarie Baaij.indd 130 28-06-2023 12:26