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Chapter 7128together, and provide each other feedback before they consult their supervisor who subsequently will discuss with, and provide feedback to, the pair instead of only to the student who physically performed the treatment. The peers will alternate roles; one time the one student will actually perform the treatment (i.e. physically and mentally performing treatment) while the other student is observing, helping, and providing feedback (i.e. mentally performing the treatment), and the other time the roles will be switched. This way, resources are used more optimally. Moreover, training in dyads benefit students’ learning since it can result in enhanced retention and transfer of skills (Wulf et al. 2010). SocietyOur work may inspire to reconsider the materials used for endodontic treatment (chapter 6). Are they all necessary, or could we quit or replace some? Should we adapt protocols in our undergraduate clinics in the interest of the patients, the students, or the planet? One cannot longer ignore to take environmental sustainability into account, which has many facets within dentistry and dental education (Duane et al. 2021). Healthcare costs are a widespread problem. Regarding Endodontics, money can be saved when the primary root canal treatment is effective and the need for root canal retreatment or surgical endodontic treatment reduced. When no additional treatment becomes necessary, less material, energy and travel would be necessary, which is beneficial for the planet (Duane et al. 2020). Besides, effective primary root canal treatment is favourable to the patient and may contribute to improving the general attitude towards root canal treatment. To increase the chances that primary root canal treatment will be effective, a root canal treatment of good quality has to be performed (Ng et al. 2011). Undergraduate education should accomplish that at graduation students are skilled to perform root canal treatments of good quality, and, equally, that the students are aware of their limits and that they will refer their patients when that is necessary to ensure quality treatment. Annemarie Baaij.indd 128 28-06-2023 12:26