Page 43 - Like me, or else... - Michelle Achterberg

Social evaluation in childhood
41
ROI analyses in the three samples and combined effect
sizes
Amygdala
Results for each of the three samples separately and the meta-analytic combination of results are displayed in Figure 4b and Table 3. The pilot and replication samples showed significantly more amygdala activation after negative compared to positive feedback, but the test sample did not show an effect. The meta-analysis revealed that the difference in amygdala activation between negative and neutral feedback was not significant (d=0.21, 95% CI: -0.12-0.54, p=.204). The combined effect size for the difference in amygdala activation between positive and neutral was also not significant (d=0.16, 95% CI: -0.15-0.48, p=.299). However, the difference in amygdala activation between positive and negative feedback showed a significant combined effect size (d=0.47, 95% CI: 0.09-0.84, p=.015), being larger for negative feedback. The study outcomes were homogeneous; there was no heterogeneity in the results.
Anterior Insula
Results are displayed in Figure 4c and Table 3. All samples showed increased anterior insula activation after negative vs neutral feedback, but the difference was only significant in the replication sample. The meta-analysis showed that the difference in anterior insula activation between negative and neutral feedback showed a significant combined effect size (d=0.40, 95% CI: 0.11-0.69, p=.007), being larger for negative feedback. The combined effect size for the difference in anterior insula activation between positive and neutral was not significant (d=0.15, 95% CI: -0.12-0.42, p=.282). Furthermore, the combined effect size for the difference in anterior insula activation between positive and negative feedback was not significant (d=0.24, 95% CI: -0.06-0.53, p=.123). The study outcomes were homogeneous; there was no heterogeneity in the results.
Medial PFC/ ACC gyrus
Results for each of the three samples separately are displayed in Figure 4d and Table 3. Although the pattern of neural activation across conditions was similar to that of the anterior insula, there were no significant condition effects in the separate samples. However, the meta-analysis showed a significant combined effect size for the difference in mPFC/ACCg activation between negative and neutral feedback (d=0.33, 95% CI: 0.01-0.66, p=.045), with more mPFC/ACCg activation after negative feedback. The combined effect size for the difference in mPFC/ACCg activation between positive and neutral feedback was in the expected direction (being larger for positive feedback) but not significant (d=0.22, 95% CI: -0.03-0.46, p=.080). Furthermore, the combined effect size for the difference in mPFC/ACCg activation between positive and negative feedback was not
2