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146Chapter 8relationship maintenance (Levenson & Gottman, 1983). Thus, IIC mightbe a crucial element for successful bond formation and maintenance, andconsequently, bi-parental care.Non-human animals also show IIC (Duranton & Gaunet, 2016), as canfor example be observed in turn-taking (Pika, Wilkinson, Kendrick, &Vernes, 2018) or facial mimicry (Palagi, Celeghin, Tamietto, Winkielman,& Norscia, 2020). Specifically, species with bi-parental care, such asmany bird species, might be suitable models to study the role of IIC inrelationship initiation and maintenance. Indeed, species with bi-parentalcare display IIC in mutual courtship behaviors, such as vocal duetting(Haimoff, 1986), and parental care (Griffith, 2019) (Figure 1). In thisreview, we outline evidence suggesting that IIC is prevalent in pair-bondingspecies and, from an adaptationist point of view, might confer reproductivebenefits, such as more offspring or higher offspring survival. We set outto answer two main questions. First, how is IIC reflected in differentcomponents of pair-bonding (i.e., initiation, maintenance, and bi-parentalcare)? Second, how is IIC manifested on a behavioral and physiologicallevel? Our goal is to integrate findings from psychology and ethologyand create an inter-disciplinary framework for studying the role of IIC inpair-bonding.relationship maintenance (Levenson & Gottman, 1983). Thus, IIC mightbe a crucial element for successful bond formation and maintenance, andconsequently, bi-parental care.Non-human animals also show IIC (Duranton & Gaunet, 2016), as canfor example be observed in turn-taking (Pika, Wilkinson, Kendrick, &Vernes, 2018) or facial mimicry (Palagi, Celeghin, Tamietto, Winkielman,& Norscia, 2020). Specifically, species with bi-parental care, such asmany bird species, might be suitable models to study the role of IIC inrelationship initiation and maintenance. Indeed, species with bi-parentalcare display IIC in mutual courtship behaviors, such as vocal duetting(Haimoff, 1986), and parental care (Griffith, 2019) (Figure 1). In thisreview, we outline evidence suggesting that IIC is prevalent in pair-bondingspecies and, from an adaptationist point of view, might confer reproductivebenefits, such as more offspring or higher offspring survival. We set outto answer two main questions. First, how is IIC reflected in differentcomponents of pair-bonding (i.e., initiation, maintenance, and bi-parentalcare)? Second, how is IIC manifested on a behavioral and physiologicallevel? Our goal is to integrate findings from psychology and ethologyand create an inter-disciplinary framework for studying the role of IIC inpair-bonding.relationship maintenance (Levenson & Gottman, 1983). Thus, IIC mightbe a crucial element for successful bond formation and maintenance, andconsequently, bi-parental care.Non-human animals also show IIC (Duranton & Gaunet, 2016), as canfor example be observed in turn-taking (Pika, Wilkinson, Kendrick, &Vernes, 2018) or facial mimicry (Palagi, Celeghin, Tamietto, Winkielman,& Norscia, 2020). Specifically, species with bi-parental care, such asmany bird species, might be suitable models to study the role of IIC inrelationship initiation and maintenance. Indeed, species with bi-parentalcare display IIC in mutual courtship behaviors, such as vocal duetting(Haimoff, 1986), and parental care (Griffith, 2019) (Figure 1). In thisreview, we outline evidence suggesting that IIC is prevalent in pair-bondingspecies and, from an adaptationist point of view, might confer reproductivebenefits, such as more offspring or higher offspring survival. We set outto answer two main questions. First, how is IIC reflected in differentcomponents of pair-bonding (i.e., initiation, maintenance, and bi-parentalcare)? Second, how is IIC manifested on a behavioral and physiologicallevel? Our goal is to integrate findings from psychology and ethologyand create an inter-disciplinary framework for studying the role of IIC inpair-bonding.Iliana Samara 17x24.indd 146 08-04-2024 16:36