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Chapter 584Figure 3: the average amount of all cumulative forces (left figure) and torques (right side) measured during the experiments per set of teeth. U = upper. L = lower. The numbers stand for mirrored groups, meaning U4, for example, contains force data of both the 14 and 24. The error bars show the standard deviation of each group. Ns = Newton second. Nms = Newtonmeter second. n = number of experiments in each group. AUC = area under the curve.Direction of Forces and TorquesThe reference frames were mathematically translated into six matching directions of forces and torques. In Figure 4, the cumulative forces exerted in these directions are presented. In both upper and lower jaw, the extrusion and buccal cumulative forces are found to be most dominant. Only in the central upper incisors the intrusive cumulative forces seem more pronounced compared to the extrusive cumulative forces. Increasing cumulative forces can be found more distally in the dental arch. Cumulative forces along the mesiodistal plane are lowest with a preference towards the mesial side in the upper jaw. The lowest peak force was measured in an upper central incisor in which forces did not reach above 9N (extrusion) in any direction. The highest peak force was 99N (intrusion), which was measured in an upper second premolar.The cumulative rotational forces and their directions are shown in Figure 5. The most dominant cumulative torques are found in buccoversion in the lower jaw, which are more balanced with palatoversion in the upper jaw. Besides that, a strong mesiobuccal rotation was found in the upper molar area, but otherwise mesiobuccal and palatal/lingual cumulative rotational forces are found to be relatively low. Tom van Riet.indd 84 26-10-2023 11:59