Page 65 - Migraine, the heart and the brain

Table 1 Continued Characteristics
Postmenopausal state or ovariectomy Current medication use
Platelet inhibitors
Oral contraceptives
Hormonal substitution
-Blockers
ACE inhibitor
Antiepileptic
Migraine, y, mean (SD)
Age at migraine onset, y, mean (SD) Mean attack frequency per year Ongoing recurrence of attacks
Total
(n = 235)
86 (66)
20 (9) 2 (1)
3 (2) 37 (16) 9 (4)
1 (0) NA NA NA NA
Controls (n = 69)
23 (58)
7 (10) 0 (0) 1 (2) 11 (16) 4 (6) (0) NA NA NA NA
Migraine (n = 166)
63 (70)
13 (8) 2 (2)
2 (2) 26 (16) 5 (3)
1 (1)
30 (12) 22 (12) 17 (22) 101 (61)
Migraine
Aura (n = 96)
35 (66)
9 (9)
2 (3)
2 (3) 17 (18) 4 (4)
1 (1) 32 (12) 21 (11) 15 (24) 68 (71)
No aura (n = 70)
28 (76)
4 (6)
0 (0)
0 (0) 3 9 (13)
1 (1)
0 (0)
27 (12)d
22 (11)
19 (21)
33 (47)
a Cardiovascular history self-reported, doctor diagnosed.
b Ischemic or hemorrhage, self-reported, doctor diagnosed. c Compared with controls; p = 0.007.
d Compared with migraine with aura; p= 0.01.
Table 2 Prevalence of right-to-left shunt types
Right-to-left shunts and migraine
Abbreviations: ACE=angiotensin-converting enzyme; BM=body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); NA =not applicable.
Active migraine= migraine attacks during the last 12 months. Postmenopausal state= at least 3 months no menstruation or history of ovariectomy (unknown postmenopausal state due to hysterectomy in 31). Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise speci ed. Oral contraceptives and hormonal substitution data presented as n (%) among women. Unless indicated otherwise, differences were not signi cant (p > 0.05).
Right-to-left shunt Spontaneous, n (%)
Small
Large
Total after provocation, n (%)
Small
Large
Controls (n = 69)
18 (26) 7 (10) 11 (16) 29 (42)
10 (15)
19 (28)
Migraine with aura (n = 96)
34 (35) 16 (17) 18 (19) 58 (60)
15 (16)
43 (45)
Migraine without aura (n = 70)
12 (17) 11 (16) 1 (1)
28 (40)
14 (20)
14 (20)
p Value (controls vs MA)
0.2 0.2 0.6 0.02
0.8
0.03
p Value (controls vs MO)
0.2 0.3 0.02 0.8
0.4
0.3
p Value (MA vs MO)
0.01 0.9 0.001 0.01
0.5
0.01
Abbreviations: MA=migraine with aura; MO=migraine without aura. Small shunt de ned as passage of 1–9 microbubbles. Large shunt de ned as passage of at least 10 microbubbles.
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