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Chapter 4122in emotion processing and enable the formalization of testable theoretical models (Smith et al., 2019). In conclusion, our study provides evidence for distinct modulations of facial mimicry and metacognitive judgments in emotion recognition by autistic traits and social anxiety traits in a majorly female sample. Higher social anxiety traits were predominantly related to an underconfidence in emotion recognition, despite an unaltered performance, whereas higher autistic traits were associated with an overall worse recognition performance as well as a poorer calibration of performance judgments, and a less pronounced link between facial mimicry and emotion recognition. These trait dimension-specific patterns might also translate to the linked clinical disorders, which, however, still has to be confirmed in future studies. Importantly, particularities in processing others%u2019 emotions have been shown to contribute to social interactions difficulties experienced by individuals on the autism spectrum and by individuals with SAD. Hence, evidence-based interventions targeting condition-specific alterations in distinct components (i.e., metacognitive beliefs and bodily feedback) hold the promise to facilitate daily social encounters and improve the quality of life in the two clinical populations.