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Chapter 458received. Data from two universities (Aarhus University, AU, Denmark and the Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, ACTA, the Netherlands) were obtained and compared.Materials and methodsThe research protocol of this study was independently reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of ACTA under the reference number 2017014.Education in Endodontics at both AU and ACTA adhere to the undergraduate curriculum guidelines of the European Society of Endodontology (2013) and the profile and competences for the European dentist of the Association for Dental Education in Europe (ADEE guidelines; Cowpe et al. 2010). In Denmark, dentistry is 5 years of study. At AU, the education in Endodontics is given in the third year, where the students have 30 h of lectures, 30 h of preclinical exercises at a simulation clinic set-up, and eight clinical seminars. At graduation all students are expected to have performed root canal treatment of at least eight root canals in patients. The simulation exercises include root canal treatment of extracted human teeth: one anterior tooth, one premolar and one molar, all mounted in artificial jaws on manikin heads. Furthermore, they prepare and cement a post, and perform surgical endodontic retreatment on one tooth mounted in an artificial jaw. Before engaging in treatment of patients, the clinical instructor must approve the completion of the preclinical course work, and the students must pass a formal test in Endodontics. At the student clinic, the students work in pairs. The supervising instructor gives formal feedback including on selfevaluation and feedback after each session. Finished and approved treatments are registered in the dental clinic management system KLIPS. At the end of the fifth year of the study, the students have a final examination. Here, the student must make a comprehensive treatment plan based on anamnestic, clinical and radiographic information. The treatment plan covers all aspects of the necessary dental treatment including endodontics. The student is given 15 min to present the plan and is afterwards examined for 45 min. In the Netherlands, dentistry is 6 years of study. The education in Endodontics at ACTA starts in the second year with 13 h of lectures, 2 h of tutorials, 32 h of preclinical training and an optional blended and problem-based learning course, that almost all students attend. In the fourth year, the students follow a 4-week Annemarie Baaij.indd 58 28-06-2023 12:26