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Teaching method influenced root filling quality?332(i.e. ledge, perforation, transportation or separated instrument), by definition, were assessed as having a poor quality. Supervision of students performing root canal treatment exclusively by endodontists is not always achievable in all dental schools.21 However, based on our findings we would recommend that whenever possible, dental schools should aim at supervision by endodontists.Future research with larger sample sizes evaluating teaching methods in endodontology is essential for providing students with evidence-based education.ConclusionWithin the limitations of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn as follows:1. The quality of root fillings made by students who attended the revised programme — without the involvement of human subjects until students passed the summative assessment — seems at least as high as that of those who attended the former programme, which involved patients in this part of the training and in the assessment.2. Whilst performing root canal treatment, undergraduate students might benefit more from supervision by endodontists than from supervision by general dental practitioners; higher quality root fillings might be obtained under supervision of endodontists than under supervision of general dental practitioners.AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank Mr M.J.W. Thorn for extracting the data from the axiUm dental software and blinding it, and we would like to thank Dr I.H.A. Aartman for her help with the statistical analysis. We also would like to thank Mr W. Zerbst for his contribution to this study.Conflict of interestAll authors declare there are no conflicts of interest in relation to this study.Annemarie Baaij.indd 33 28-06-2023 12:26