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Chapter 1162015). Confidence is a wide belief or conviction but without reference to selfperceived competence (Oney & Oksuzoglu-Guven 2015). One might be confident, even when one is not competent, such as people who are unconsciously incompetent. Unlike self-confidence, self-efficacy does include self-perceived competence (Oney & Oksuzoglu-Guven 2015). Self-perceived competence is one’s belief in their competence, whereas self-efficacy is one’s belief in their future performance (American Psychological Association 2021). Being competent is a prerequisite for self-efficacy (Bandura 1977). One might be competent and one might be well aware of that (i.e. one has high self-perceived competence), but if one lacks confidence, one will have decreased self-efficacy. An example of this might be an excellent harpist, singer or ballet dancer that gets stage fright. In dentistry, this might be a dental practitioner who proved to be competent by successfully passing exams and who is well aware of their skills – who knows very well that they are capable of performing good quality root canal treatment – but who feels nevertheless insecure performing root canal treatment on patients in practice. Besides, a person who is both competent and confident can as well have decreased self-efficacy, due to low self-perceived competence. Self-perceived competence and therefore self-efficacy are significantly influenced by normative feedback, and it does not even matter whether this feedback is true or not (Wulf et al. 2010). If a supervisor tells a student that their level of competence is below the norm, the student’s self-perceived competence and therefore their self-efficacy may decrease, and if a supervisor tells a student that their level of competence is above the norm, the student’s self-perceived competence and their self-efficacy may increase (Wulf et al. 2010). A final cue to discriminate between the concepts are environmental factors that may influence performance. Self-efficacy takes those into account as well (Gist & Mitchell 1992). Self-efficacy is the belief and selfassurance that, despite the prevailing circumstances, one will be able to perform specific tasks successfully. Figure 1 presents a visual summary of the explanation of the concept of self-efficacy.Curricular changes at ACTA included also changes in clinical protocols, in the methods of providing care for patients and the materials used for that purpose. In undergraduate clinics, many treatments are performed following strict protocols and, therefore, much data of potential interest could be extracted from such clinics and be studied. It feels like a duty to utilize this privilege. Based on the best available scientific evidence, ACTA quit using calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medicament in root canal treatment. One of the reasons for using an Annemarie Baaij.indd 16 28-06-2023 12:26