Page 35 - Physico-Chemical Niche Conditions for Bone Cells

VEGF Regulation of oxidative Mechanical stimuli, hormones, [59,60]
metabolism of bone and
muscle cells.
MAPK Upregulation of eNOS
expression; Downregulation
of RANKL.
Myostatin Linkage of muscle atrophy
with bone loss.
IL-4 Stimulation of bone cell
proliferation; Modulation of
signaling pathways.
IL-6 Stimulation of insulin- stimulated glucose uptake; Regulation of muscle fiber size; Modulation of osteogenesis and bone
resorption.
growth factors and transcription
factors.
ERK1/2, c-jun kinase (JNK), [56,57,61] deltafosB, CREB, GEFs.
glucocorticoid [62] MAPK, PI3K, mTOR [63]
AMPK [59]
Chapter 2
BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; OPN, osteopontin; OGN, osteoglycin; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; IL, interleukin; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; TrpV1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V; CaMKKα, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase α; EP2, prostaglandin E2 receptor 2; COX, cyclooxygenase; Smad, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; Axin, axis inhibition protein; Dsh, dishevelled; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; APC, adenomatous polyposis coli; PP2A, protein phosphatase 2; MYC, myelocytomatosis; CCND1, cyclin D1; LRP5, lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5; ERK, extracellular signal-regulatd kinase; CREB, cAMP-response-element binding protein; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase.
introduce ECM structural components. Glycocalyx contains glycoproteins and proteoglycans which are the common classes of glycans [64]. Glycocalyx may be connected with cytomembrane via glypicans or cytoskeleton via syndecans, and extend into the ECM structure via glycosaminoglycan chains [64]. Growth factors can bind to the glycosaminoglycans, and provide a store or facilitate the binding to the receptor. The glycocalyx is also involved in shear sensing [65].
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