Page 73 - Emotions through the eyes of our closest living relatives- Exploring attentional and behavioral mechanisms
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                                Attention towards humans’ and bonobos’ emotion
scenes (this was significant for the category Distress t(11.36) = 3.64, p < .001, with trends in the same direction for self-scratch (p = .034) and yawn (p = .014)) and less positive ratings following positive scenes (which was significant for grooming t(11.36) = 3.44, p = .001 and showed a trend in play (p = .023).
A three-way interaction between Age, Species, and Emotion Category (F(5,
11.36) = 10.86, p < .001) demonstrated that this effect was driven by the bonobo
scenes. There were no differences between adults and children in the perception of
valence from human scenes (ps ≥ .023 [for distress]). In contrast, the bonobo scenes 3 were perceived differently. Specifically, compared to adults, children perceived
bonobo scenes showing grooming and play less positively (grooming: t(11.36)
= 4.26, p < .001; play: t(11.36) = 3.20, p = .001) and scenes depicting individuals
yawning less negatively (yawning: t(11.36) = 5.15, p < .001). Further, adults gave
all positive emotional scenes more positive ratings than the neutral scenes and all
Figure 4. Strongest effects of valence (A: adults; B: children) and arousal ratings (C, D) and attentional bias (E, F: the neutral category is at zero).
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