Page 166 - Emotions through the eyes of our closest living relatives- Exploring attentional and behavioral mechanisms
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                                Chapter 7
(Dutch) or “Marokkaans” (Moroccan). The attributes were written in a green font as “positief” (positive) and “negatief” (negative). In the critical blocks where combined categories were presented, the concept and attribute words were written on top of each other, separated with an “of” (or). Their order (top or bottom) was randomized. The to-be categorized stimuli were always presented in the lower part of the screen in the center, just like in the PIAT in Experiment 1, and consisted of the same images as in Experiment 1. The PIAT in Experiment 2 was similar to the one in Experiment 1, with the difference being that there were now two more critical blocks and answers were given via pressing “E” and “I”, rather than touching the screen.
Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale
The Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale (henceforth: SRS) was created to assess explicit inter- ethnic biases via a series of eight questions (Henry & Sears, 2002). The SRS specifically looks at a modern variant of discrimination in the form symbolic racism, or the belief that discrimination based on ethnicity is no longer impacting people of non-Dutch descent’s chances to thrive and that continuing disadvantages are attributable to their lack of responsibility for their own lives (Henry & Sears, 2002). The SRS issues participants with questions regarding work ethic and responsibility of outcomes, excessive demands, denial of continuing discrimination, and undeserved advantages. Participants answer most questions on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”, but questions 3, 4 and 5 involve different types of answers . The questions in the SRS are specifically attuned to the cultural history of people of color residing in the United States. To make the SRS applicable to our study group, we translated the English questions to Dutch, and replaced the words “African- American”, “United States”, “Irish, Italian, Jewish, and many other minorities” to “Marokkaans” (“Moroccan”), “Nederland” (The Netherlands), “Mensen met een Surinaamse of Poolse afkomst, of andere minderheden” (“People of Surinamese or Polish descent, and other minorities”), respectively.
Stimuli
The stimuli were the same as the ones used in the PIAT in Experiment 1. However, whereas in Experiment 1 there were different versions of the PIAT using different exemplars for the attribute categories, in Experiment 2 we used only one exemplar for the positive and negative attributes (i.e., the rabid dog and the seal pup from the IAPS) to ensure that we had enough participants per versions of the tasks. The PIAT and WIAT consisted of four versions, which each differed in a) whether incongruent
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