Page 164 - Emotions through the eyes of our closest living relatives- Exploring attentional and behavioral mechanisms

Chapter 7
adults and children in an environment with a lot of potential distractors (i.e., the zoo). Furthermore, in adults the different versions of the tasks did not significantly impact D-scores, showing that the specific stimuli used in the PIAT do not significantly impact the PIAT’s ability to measure implicit attitudes, at least when using the IAPS and Radboud Faces database images. In the child PIAT we do find a significant effect of task version 1 on D-scores. Finally, the PIAT shows decent internal consistency with results that are in line with previous findings in image-based IATs (e.g., split-half reliability r = .69 in Palfai et al., 2016).
The IAT can suffer from order effects (Nosek et al., 2005) and despite counterbalancing critical block order, this is also apparent in our PIAT; Individuals who receive incongruent trials first show a much higher D-score average than individuals who receive congruent trials first. This contrasts with common IAT findings that show the reverse effect, i.e., higher IAT effects are found for tasks that present the congruent trials first (Nosek et al., 2005).
To further validate the PIAT, in the next experiment, we investigate whether the effects we find in the PIAT correlate with results on an IAT combining words and pictures (word-IAT or WIAT) within the same subjects, and also study whether both IATs are correlated with more explicit measures of inter-ethnic biases.
Experiment 2: Online PIAT and WIAT
Method
Participants
Initially, 158 adult participants took part in the online PIAT/WIAT study, but 17 did not complete the study, thus resulting in a final N of 141 (Age range: 19-68, M = 23.72, SD = 10.16, 114 females). All participants were native Dutch speakers with a Dutch nationality, and had parents with the Dutch nationality as well. Most of the participants were right-handed (i.e., 128 (81%)). All participants were recruited via an online recruitment system of Leiden University (SONA), through flyers and posters, and through social media. As part of the Psychology curriculum of Leiden University, participants received 1 course credit after completing the experiment. Data collection took place between June 2018 and March 2019.
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