Page 44 - Age of onset of disruptive behavior of residentially treated adolescents -Sjoukje de Boer

LCP or the AL group. This may be of importance for choices with regard to treatment. Moffitt argued that both groups need intervention, but that they require different intervention goals and approaches (Moffitt et al., 2008). The causes of LCP antisocial behavior may be completely different from the causes of AL antisocial behavior, but beyond that the personal, educational and social development of the LCP group may have been seriously hampered by the sheer duration of their problems. The main goal of this study is to identify factors that diagnosticians can use to differentiate between the subtypes LCP and AL disruptive behavior in a clinical setting. According to Moffitt (1993), the strongest predictors of LCP antisocial behavior were individual and family characteristics. It is expected that this will also be so for EO disruptive behavior. Individual factors include under-controlled temperament (Aguilar, Sroufe, Egeland, & Carlson, 2000; Moffitt, 2003; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Moffitt, Lynam, & Silva, 1994), neurological abnormalities and delayed motor development (Moffitt, 1993), low intellectual ability (Fergusson, Horwood, & Nagin, 2000; Moffitt, 2003; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Moffitt, Lynam, & Silva, 1994; Nagin & Farrington, 1992; Odgers et al., 2008), reading difficulties (Moffitt, 2003; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Moffitt et al., 1994; Odgers et al., 2008), low school achievement (Chung, Hill, Hawkins, Gilchrist, & Nagin, 2002; Moffitt, 1993; Vaughn et al., 2011), poor scores on neuropsychological tests, caused by birth complications for example (Moffitt, 2003; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Moffitt, et al., 1994; Tibbetts & Piquero, 1999), hyperactivity and/or attention problems (Fergusson et al., 2000; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Moffitt et al., 1994; Nagin & Tremblay, 2001; Odgers et al., 2008; Wiesner & Capaldi, 2003), low heart rate (Moffitt, 2003; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Moffitt, et al., 1994; Odgers, et al., 2008), psychopathic personality traits, violent behavior (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Moffitt et al., 2002; Moffitt et al., 1994), and broad psychiatric comorbidity (Vaughn et al., 2011).
Family and context factors associated with LCP antisocial behavior include: having a teenage single parent (Fergusson, et al., 2000; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Nagin & Tremblay, 2001), having a single parent at birth (Aguilar, et al., 2000; Fergusson, et al., 2000; Kjelsberg, 1999; Tibbetts & Piquero, 1999), maltreatment (mothers who were harsh or neglectful, harsh or inconsistent discipline, physical abuse, sexual abuse, child abuse) (Aguilar, Sroufe, Egeland, & Carlson, 2000; Dean et al., 1996; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Odgers et al., 2008; Patterson, Forgatch, Yoerger, & Stoolmiller, 1998; Wiesner &
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