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on the principles of motivational interviewing and motivational stages of change171. A third smoking cessation and smoking relapse prevention intervention that was shown to be effective in smoking cessation, but not in preventing smoking relapse, consisted of face-to-face and telephone counseling sessions based on the principles of motivational interviewing and relapse prevention170.
One effective smoking relapse prevention intervention consisted of 9 contacts during 3 months: one face-to face counseling session at birth followed by 8 telephone counseling sessions or home visits delivered by a nurse164 165. This intervention was based on Marlatt's relapse model176. Another effective smoking relapse prevention intervention was also delivered by a nurse, and consisted of 4 home visits or telephone contacts over 2 months163. This intervention was based on the principles of motivational interviewing, and the "5As"177 178. Motivational interviewing is a directive patient-centered counseling technique that aims to promote intrinsic motivation for behavior change179. The "5As" refer to asking if the women smoked, advising her to quit, assessing her willingness to quit, assisting her in quitting, and arranging a follow-up.
The smoking cessation intervention that reported conflicting results was based on a client-centered approach and aimed at increasing self-efficacy162. It was delivered by a child health nurse.
DISCUSSION
This extensive literature search identified existing postpartum lifestyle interventions that were shown to be effective in lowering cardiovascular risk factors in general populations of postpartum women. Although the immediate postpartum period after a pregnancy complicated with pre-eclampsia,
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