Page 55 - THE EVOLUTION OF EARLY ARTHRITIS AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK Samina A. Turk

Traditional risk factors
Validated risk factor
High birth weight
Fish oil, olive oil properties
Comorbid conditions
Comment
> 4 kg
Protective effect; believed to have anti-inflammatory
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HOW DOES ESTABLISHED RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS DEVELOP
Diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2, inflammatory lung diseas- es, dyslipidemia. Schizophrenia (protective)
New risk factors or new information on known risk factors
Suggested risk factor
Sugar-sweetened soda Obesity
Physical activity Infections
Sleep disorders Autoimmune thyroid disease Tetanus vaccination
Recent reviews
Alcohol consumption
Fish consumption
Coffee consumption Reproductive/hormonal factors Use of oral contraceptives Geographic area
Inconclusive/conflicting results
Comment
May induce obesity, insulin resistance and inflammation
Conflicts about whether it increases risk of both seronegative and seropositive RA
Associated with less and milder RA
Frequent infections may predispose, although some con- tradict this finding, no specific pathogens causally linked to RA
The non-apnea types show higher RA rates later on Subsequent RA seems more frequent
One study reported increased risk <1 year after vaccination
Comment
Protective effect, mainly for seropositive RA
No significant relationship with RA development
Coffee consumption gives a higher risk of seropositive RA
Controversy continues
No significant relationship with RA development
RA is more prevalent in Northern countries as compared to countries near the equator
Age at menarche and menstrual cycles, parity and age at first childbirth, breastfeeding, oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormone use
Periodontitis
Previous blood transfusion
Consumption of coffee and tea, red meat
Ultraviolet B exposure and vitamin D levels, antioxidant and trace element intake, exposure to toxic elements and air pollution
Silicone implants
Gene-environment interactions and environmental factors influencing each other
A strong interaction exists between smoking and genetic background (namely HLA- DRB1 alleles)(10). Besides, smoking interacts with autoantibody-positive status, gender (higher influence in males), and consumption of dietary sodium (5, 32) to a lesser extent.
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