Page 159 - Functional impairment and cues for rehabilitation of head and neck cancer patients -

Table 3 Continued
Masseter muscle
Lateral pterygoid muscle
Medial pterygoid muscle
Intrinsic tongue muscle
Extrinsic tongue muscle
Suprahyoid muscles
Infrahyoid muscles
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
43 (38–48) 47 (45–54) 40 (36–42) 53 (49–66) 42 (39-46) 37 (36–40) 35 (34–44) 37 (32–49) 44 (41–47)
43 (38–48) 52 (46–59) 40 (39–44) 55 (47–65) 40 (39–44) 47 (43–50) 39 (36–46) 39 (31–45) 44 (39–48)
.600 0.15
.028 0.64
.116 0.45 .345 0.27 .116 0.45 .028 0.64 .028 0.64 .345 0.27 .917 0.03
Muscle activation during swallowing exercises
T2-value before exercise (ms) Median (min–max)
T2-value after exercise (ms) Median (min–max)
p value
|r|
ES+
Abbreviations: + = exercise performed with swallow exercise aid, CTAR = chin tuck against resistance, ES = effortful swallow, JOAR = jaw opening against resistance, r = effect size, SD = standard deviation.
Table 4 Median T2 values (in milliseconds) per muscle (group) before and after conventional exercises. P values of Wilcoxon signed rank test are presented. Bold faced p values are below .05 and effect sizes are above 0.50.
Masseter muscle
Lateral pterygoid muscle
Medial pterygoid muscle
Intrinsic tongue muscle
Extrinsic tongue muscle
Suprahyoid muscles
Infrahyoid muscles
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Masseter muscle
Lateral pterygoid muscle
Medial pterygoid muscle
Intrinsic tongue muscle
Extrinsic tongue muscle
Suprahyoid muscles
Infrahyoid muscles
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Masseter muscle
Lateral pterygoid muscle
Medial pterygoid muscle
Intrinsic tongue muscle
Extrinsic tongue muscle
Suprahyoid muscles
Infrahyoid muscles
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
6
T2-value before exercise (ms) Median (min–max)
T2-value after exercise (ms) Median (min–max)
p value
|r|
cES
45 (40–46)
44 (41–52)
41 (38–42)
48 (42–53)
47 (44–56)
38 (36–42)
39 (36–43)
37 (33–43)
48 (42–51) 49 (44–53) .345 0.27
45 (40–48) .345 0.27 44 (41–50) .345 0.27 42 (39–43) .293 0.30 51 (41–57) .345 0.27 50 (46–55) .600 0.15 40 (39–44) .116 0.45 40 (38–45) .116 0.45 35 (34–42) .463 0.21
Masako exercise
44 (42–47) .249 0.33 44 (38–46) .116 0.45 40 (39–44) .463 0.21 50 (44–56) .116 0.45 42 (39–45) .116 0.45 41 (39–43) .116 0.45 38 (34–45) .463 0.21 35 (35–37) .600 0.15
44 (42–46)
45 (43–49)
40 (38–42)
50 (39–51)
48 (40–51)
39 (36–40)
39 (35–45)
36 (34–41)
47 (43–53) 46 (43–50) .753 0.09
Shaker exercise
45 (42–50) 42 (40–52) 40 (39–42) 50 (44–55) 42 (40–44) 39 (36–41) 40 (35–43) 36 (34–42) 45 (43–56)
43 (42–53) .916 0.03 42 (40–44) .345 0.27 41 (40–42) .173 0.39 51 (44–52) .753 0.09 43 (41–48) .173 0.39 44 (41–45) .028 0.64 43 (41–50) .046 0.58 48 (37–50) .028 0.64 46 (41–51) .917 0.03
Abbreviations: cES = conventional effortful swallow, r = effect size, SD = standard deviation.
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