Page 23 - Personality disorders and insecure attachment among adolescents

SCL-90
An authorised Dutch version of the SCL-90 (Arrindell & Ettema, 2003) is a questionnaire consisting of 90 questions with a 5-point rating scale (ranging from 1 ‘not at all’ to 5 ‘extreme’). This questionnaire assesses general psychological distress and specific primary psychological symptoms of distress. Outcome scores are divided into nine symptom subscales: anxiety; agoraphobia; depression; somatisation; insufficient thinking and handling; distrust and interpersonal sensitivity; hostility; sleeping disorders; and a rest subscale. The total score (range 90–450) is calculated by adding the scores of the subscales. The test-retest reliability was reasonable to good (k = .62 -0.91) (Arrindell & Ettema, 2003).
SCID-II
The SCID-II (Spitzer et al., 1990) is a semi-structured interview consisting of 134 questions. The purpose of this interview is to establish the ten DSM-IV personality disorders, and depressive and passive-aggressive personality disorders. In line with the DSM-IV criteria, the depressive and passive- aggressive personality disorders are covered by the ‘personality disorder not otherwise specified’ (NOS). The language and diagnostic coverage make the SCID-II most appropriate for adults (age 18 or over), while with slight modification it can be used for younger adolescents (Spitzer et al., 1990). Only the sections that were indicated by the outcome of the VKP were applied in the clinical interview. The SCID-II was administered by trained psychologists. The inter-rater reliability (Cohen’s Kappa) of the SCID-II for categorical diagnoses was reasonable to good (k = .61 -1.00) (Seqal, Hersen, & Van Hasselt, 1994), and the test-retest reliability was also reasonable to good (k = .63) (Weertman, Arntz, & Kerkhofs, 2000).
Procedures
From 2008, 115 newly admitted patients were asked to participate in the study. The data of patients ending treatment before the end of 2014 were used. Following a verbal description of the treatment protocol to the subjects, written informed consent was obtained according to legislation, the institution’s policy and the Dutch law (Eurec, 2017). All patients (N = 115) agreed to participate and, in accordance with the institutional policy, they participated without receiving incentives or rewards. All procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. According to the treatment protocol, the patients completed a set of web-based questionnaires, including the VKP and the SCL-90 during the first and
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