Page 149 - Second language development of newly arrived migrant kindergarteners - Frederike Groothoff

149 Pedagogical practices: focus on focal pupils’ experiences Table 7.1: Descriptive Characteristics of the Participants (N = 42) in the Snapshot, per School Type (N = 10). Number of Classes Age (in months) Range Number of Min Max Mean (sd.) Pupils 32 51 81 65(8.4) 3 7 3 6 13 10 51 82 66(8.3) 7 1 1 1 Total DL2-schools (N = 5) School 1 2 School 2 School 3 School 4 School 5 Total Mainstream schools (N = 5) 4 1 3 3 School 6 3 School 7 School 8 School9&10b b This participant changed schools. 7.3.2 Measurement 1 1 1 Based on the Emerging Academics’ Snapshot method (in short: Snapshot; Ritchie et al., 2001; Early et al., 2010) and the adjusted protocol of this method in Henrichs and Leseman (2016), a snapshot protocol was designed using the E-Prime 2.0 software (Schneider, Eschman, & Zuccolotto, 2002). With this procedure we aimed at capturing in detail the activities and interactions of the specific focal pupils, based on a series of snapshots. It was a cyclic-interval-coding approach which was used to observe the focal pupils. With this a moment-by-moment observation could be executed to describe pupils’ experiences within their program. The outcome of the snapshot procedure is an estimate of the percentage of time a specific pupil spends on certain activities in the classroom. This estimate is increasingly accurate the more fine-grained the observation intervals are. For example, the approach that was developed provides estimates of the percentages of how much time a pupil is working on language activities or in what percent of the cases of teacher-pupil communication there was scaffolding. A researcher can adjust the snapshot method by focusing on specific focal pupils’ experiences depending on the focus of the research. Therefore, in the present study, in addition to the standard questions about activities, questions were included about the interactions and the language use by the teacher, the focal pupils, and the peers.