Page 116 - The efficacy and effectiveness of psychological treatments for eating disorders - Elske van den Berg

116 Chapter 6
Assessments
Online self-report questionnaires were used to assess all participants. The socio-demographic variables used were gender and age. Other variables used were type of surgery, pre-operative weight in kilograms (kg), weight at six months follow- up after BS (kg), current weight (kg) and date of surgery.
Eating disorder pathology was evaluated using the Dutch version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), which is designed to assess eating disorder pathology [39, 40]. The EDE-Q consists of 36 items and four subscales (eating restraint, eating concerns, weight concerns and shape concerns) and yields a global score. Scores per subscale are the average score of all items in the scale. The global scale is the mean score of the four subscale means. The frequency of various forms of overeating, including binge eating, was also assessed by the EDE-Q. Loss of control (LOC) over eating was defined as the presence of any LOC episodes in the previous 28 days. This method of LOC over eating was previously used in other studies [22, 41, 42]. Items are rated on a 7-point Liker scale (0 to 6), with higher scores reflecting greater severity or frequency. The internal consistency of the EDE-Q is high (Cron- bach’s α = .95) [43].
Body image was assessed using the Dutch version of the Body Image Avoid- ance Questionnaire (BIAQ), which consists of 19 items [44, 45; Dutch version not published]. This is a self-report questionnaire which measures behavioral avoidance, which is related to body image distress or dissatisfaction. The questionnaire has four subscales (clothing avoidance, avoiding social activities, eating restraint and groom- ing & weighing) and yields a global score. The subscale clothing avoidance meas- ures disgust or covering up the body through clothing choices; the subscale avoiding social activities measures avoidance of social situations involving eating or focus on appearance; the subscale restraint measures dietary restrictions and the subscale grooming/weighing measures checking behavior such as scrutinizing oneself in the mirror and weighing. All items are scored on a 6-point scale according to the frequency of engagement in the behavior, from never (0) to always (5). The original BIAQ has a high internal consistency (Cronbach’ s α = .89) [44].
Impulsivity was measured using the Dutch version of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-II (BIS-II), which consists of 30 items with a 4-point Likert scale [46, 47; Dutch version not published]. The BIS-II consists of three subscales of impulsivity (atten- tion, motor and non-planning impulsivity) and yields a global score. The attention subscale measures poor concentration and thought intrusions; the motor subscale measures acting without thinking and the non-planning subscale measures the lack of future planning. The global score can range from 30-120, with a higher score indi-