Page 103 - Advanced echocardiography in characterization and management of patients with secondary mitral regurgitation

Mitral valve geometrical measurements
Posterior papillary muscle to annulus distance (cm; 4CH view) Posterior papillary muscle to annulus distance (cm; 2CH view) Anterior papillary muscle to annulus distance (cm)
Basal mitral anterior leaflet angle (o)
Distal mitral anterior leaflet angle (o) Mitral posterior leaflet angle (o)
Mitral valve regurgitation quantification
Mitral regurgitation, n/N (%) (3+) Moderate to severe (4+) Severe
Effective regurgitant orifice area (cm2) Regurgitant volume (mL/beat) Regurgitant fraction (%)
Left ventricular measures
LV end-systolic diameter (cm) LV end-diastolic diameter (cm) LV end-systolic volume (mL) LV end-diastolic volume (mL) Total stroke volume (mL)
LV end-systolic volume index (mL/m2) LV end-diastolic volume index (mL/m2) LV ejection fraction (%)
LV sphericity index*
Right ventricular measures
RV fractional area change (%) RV systolic pressure (mmHg) Tricuspid regurgitation, n/N (%)
(0) None
(1+) Mild
(2+) Moderate
(3+) Moderate to Severe (4+) Severe
Left atrial measures
Left atrial volume (mL)
4.19 ± 0.59 (275) 4.02 ± 0.58 (256) 3.81 ± 0.57 (226) 32 ± 7 (244)
19 ± 6 (516) 38 ± 9 (501)
320/613 (52.2) 293/613 (47.8) 0.41 ± 0.15 (591) 26.8 ± 16.2 (260) 36.4 ± 14.5 (259)
5.3 ± 0.9 (607) 6.2 ± 0.7 (608) 134.7 ± 58.2 (574) 192.8 ± 71.1 (574) 58.0 ± 22.6 (574) 71.1 ± 29.1 (567) 101.4 ± 34.4 (567) 31.3 ± 9.3 (575) 0.65 ± 0.1 (524)
32.04 ± 8.98 (417) 44.3 ± 13.7 (528)
12/599 (2.0) 489/599 (81.6) 92/599 (15.4) 5/599 (0.8) 1/599 (0.2)
91.4 ± 40.8 (595)
Data presented as mean ± SD (n) or n/N (%). CH = chamber; LV = left ventricular; RV = right ventricular; MV = mitral valve; PM = papillary muscle. *LV sphericity index was defined as LV short axis / LV long axis. Both axis measurements were taken in 4-chamber view.
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