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                                The neural basis of aggression regulation
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  Figure 3. Brain regions in the contrast Negative>Neutral feedback that were significantly negatively correlated with the difference in noise blast duration after negative vs neutral feedback trials. Results were FDR cluster corrected (PFDR<0.05), with a primary voxel-wise threshold of P<0.005 (uncorrected). The right panel shows the negative relationship between difference in noise blast duration and right dlPFC (for visual illustration only, no statistical tests were carried out on the region of interest).
Discussion
This study investigated the relation between negative social feedback and subsequent aggression, using neuroimaging. The goals of this study were threefold: 1) to disentangle neural signals of positive and negative social feedback, 2) to examine aggressive responses towards the person signaling negative social feedback, and 3) to test whether lateral PFC activity is related to aggression regulation after experiencing negative social feedback. To these ends, we developed a new social peer evaluation paradigm that included neutral feedback (to be able to compare positive and negative feedback to a neutral baseline) and the possibility to retaliate to the peer that gave the feedback (to be able to study aggression related to social feedback). In line with prior behavioral studies we found that negative social feedback was related to applying a longer noise blast towards the peer (Chester et al., 2014). At the neural level, conjunction analyses showed that both negative and positive social feedback resulted in increased activity in the mPFC and the bilateral insula. Comparing the
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